Investigation on Biomass Briquette as Energy Source from Waste Leaf Cerbera Manghas

Indonesia is a tropical country and has abundant varieties of plants but has not been utilized to the fullest. One of the plants that are often encountered in the community is Cerbera manghas. Cerbera manghas is known as one of the trees that have solid roots; thus, it is widely used for adding greenery both on the roadside and the residential areas of Surabaya. Although beneficial for shade and the reduction of air pollution in urban areas, waste from the leaves of this plant become a serious issue for the cleanliness of the city. Organic solid waste that comes from the falling leaves have the potential to be used as a solid fuel alternative in the form of briquettes when processed appropriately. This study aims to investigate the potential of Cerbera manghas leaves waste to be used as raw material of biomass briquettes with tapioca as a binder, to evaluate the property of the resulted briquettes using ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, and also to find the effect of the composition of tapioca to the heating value of the biomass briquettes. Heating values of five mixtures with various tapioca compositions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% were evaluated using an oxygen bomb calorimeter. The experimental results showed that the biomass briquettes made of Cerbera manghas leaves waste can be made using tapioca as a binder. The greater the percentage of the mass of tapioca in the briquettes, the lower heating value generated. Biomass briquettes made of Cerbera manghas leaves waste can be made into a source of sustainable energy with the optimal composition of 90% waste leaves and 10%

,d 1,2,3, 4Mechanical Engineering Department, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia 1,2,3,4Centre for Sustainable Energy Studies, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia awilly @petra.ac.id, bfandi @petra.ac.id, ctengsutrisno @petra.ac.id, dandreas94_kun@yahoo .com Abstract. Indonesia is a tropical country and has abundant varieties of plants but has not been utilized to the fullest. One of the plants that are often encountered in the community is Cerbera manghas. Cerbera manghas is known as one of the trees that have solid roots; thus, it is widely used for adding greenery both on the roadside and the residential areas of Surabaya. Although beneficial for shade and the reduction of air pollution in urban areas, waste from the leaves of this plant become a serious issue for the cleanliness of the city. Organic solid waste that comes from the falling leaves have the potential to be used as a solid fuel alternative in the form of briquettes when processed appropriately. This study aims to investigate the potential of Cerbera manghas leaves waste to be used as raw material of biomass briquettes with tapioca as a binder, to evaluate the property of the resulted briquettes using ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, and also to find the effect of the composition of tapioca to the heating value of the biomass briquettes.
Heating values of five mixtures with various tapioca compositions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% were evaluated using an oxygen bomb calorimeter. The experimental results showed that the biomass briquettes made of Cerbera manghas leaves waste can be made using tapioca as a binder. The greater the percentage of the mass of tapioca in the briquettes, the lower heating value generated. Biomass briquettes made of Cerbera manghas leaves waste can be made into a source of sustainable energy with the optimal composition of 90% waste leaves and 10% tapioca. Keywords: Biomass, sustainable energy, briquette, Cerbera manghas. 1. Introduction Energy crisis is a concern because of the diminishing natural resources, which are used to power industrial society as a result of a global society demand. These natural resources are in limited supply. While they do occur natural-ly, it can take hundreds of thousands of years to recover the fuel. The energy crisis occurs because of the growth in fuel consumption rate and population growth.
Besides saving this non-renewable energy sources, the search for new alternative energy is needed to fulfill the human needs such as electricity, fuel etc. fuel are biodiesel, biogas, agricultural waste, and others. The source of bio-mass can be produced from agricultural crops and their residues, forestry crops, sea weed, algae, animal residues, industrial residues, municipal solid waste, and sewage [1]. Besides biomass as an alternative energy source, develop-ment for substitute of fossil fuel such as biomass is in high demand. An experiment about bioenergy proves that bioenergy have a potential as alternative energy source and the utilization of biomass also increases from time to time [2][3][4][5][6]. Indonesia is one of many developing countries in the world which has many resources of energy such as oil, and coal. Indonesia became top coal exporter in 2014. Besides, Indonesia is also an agrarian country which was evident from the fact that 70% from 186 million hectares is used to agricultural sector [7]. This condition gives an opportunity to produce biomass alternative energy  leaves of Cerbera manghas These Cerbera manghas leaves waste can be used as an alternative energy through the right process. Previously, there was an experiment regarding biodiesel production from Cerbera manghas, and it proves that Cerbera manghas has potential to be an energy source [8]. Biomass solid fuel can be produced from waste, such as almond leaves, sawdust, coco peat, rice husk, sugar cane leaves, and rice straw. Solid fuel briquette geometries have a different properties such as briquette strength. Solid fuel briquettes are an alternative energy known as biomass energy pro-duced from waste product such as botanical waste and wooden waste. Cerbera manghas leaves contain some chemical composition that may be harmful to living creature. i.e, human beings and animals which assure us that Cerbera manghas is a non-edible plant. Other substances found in Cerbera manghas leaves are phydroxybenzal-dehyde, benzamide, nhexadecane acid monoglyceride, loliolide, β-sitosterol, cerberin, neriifolin, cerleaside A, and daucosterol [9][10][11][12][13]. Because of the various substances in the leaves where the properties of the mixture are unknown, it is important to investigate the fundamental 2 2 properties of biomass briquettes made of Cerbera manghas leaves waste such as proximate, ultimate, heating value, and the effect of tapioca as a binder material. 2. Experimental Method The waste materials used in this study are the leaves of Cerbera manghas which have already fallen from the plant. Collected leaves shown in Figure 3. Once collected, the leaves must be sun dried for three days as shown in Figure 4. Biomass briquettes were made by crushing dried Cerbera manghas waste leaves into the desired particle size (60 Mesh), mixing them with tapioca flour as a binder material, and compacting the mixture under pressure. The measurement of heating value of the biomass briquette from Cerbera manghas leaves waste is done using an oxygen bomb calorimeter as shown in Figure 5. Initially, 100% of Cerbera manghas leaves, and 100% tapioca have been measured. All experiments in this paper were per-formed with mixtures of various tapioca as a binder material from 10% (90% composition of Cerbera manghas leaves) to 50% (50% composition of Cerbera manghas leaves).

Cerbera manghas leaves.
The highest heating value of the biomass briquettes from Cerbera manghas leaves were the biomass briquettes using 90% Cerbera manghas leaves, and 10% tapioca mixtures as shown in Figure 6. The 90% Cerbera manghas and 10% tapioca mixtures successfully creates a briquette model as shown in Figure 7.
The particle size of Cerbera manghas briquettes is 60 Mesh. After the pressing process, briquettes must be dried to reduce the water content. This experiment used room temperature to dry the briquettes. Tapioca which serves as a binder material, reduces the heating value of the biomass briquette from Cerbera manghas leaves waste. The greater amount of tapioca, the lower the heating value of the briquette. In terms of cost, the most economical composition is also found in 90% Cerbera manghas leaves, and 10% tapioca mixtures. It is because the leaves waste cost nothing while the tapioca cost about 0.5 USD/kg (the price of tapioca in Indonesia is about 0.5 USD/kg in May 2016). The higher the percentage of tapioca in the biomass briquette from Cerbera manghas leaves waste the higher the cost of the briquettes.   The proximate analysis and ultimate analysis have been examined through a laboratory test. The test used ASTM standardization. The total moisture content was examined using ASTM D 2961-11. The ash content was examined using ASTM D 3174-12. Ash, as determined by this test method, is the residue remaining after burning the products. Ash obtained differentiates in composition from the in-organic constituents present in the original product. The volatile matter was examined using ASTM D3175-11. Fixed carbon calculation was examined using ASTM D 3172-13. Total sulfur calculation was examined using ASTM D 4239-14e1. And the gross calorific value calcula-tion was examined using ASTM D 5865-13. The proximate analysis results show total moisture, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, total sulfur, and gross calorific value as shown in Table 2. The ultimate analysis used to investigate the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur concentration on Cerbera manghas leaves briquettes. The examinations of the ultimate analysis were done using ASTM D 5373-14, ASTM D 5373-14e1 and ASTM D 5373-15. The result of ultimate analysis of Cerbera manghas leaves briquettes shown in Table 3. Cerbera manghas briquette has the highest calorific value compared to sawdust briquette, sugarcane briquette, rice straw briquette, and coconut coir briquette.
The calorific values of sawdust briquette, rice straw briquette, sugarcane briquette and coconut coir briquette are 4161.0898 kcal/kg, 3902.9637 kcal/kg, 3926.8642 kcal/kg and 4146 kcal/kg respectively [12,14]. 4. Conclusion Biomass briquette from Cerbera manghas waste leaves is a sustainable energy and tapioca material play a role in the resulted heating value on the biomass briquette from Cerbera manghas